ASTM A193 Grade B16 stud bolts, often referred to as B16 Studs and manufactured from high-strength B16 bolt material, are produced from heat-treated Chromium-Molybdenum-Vanadium steel, quenched and tempered. The added Vanadium in this B16 stud material allows for operating temperatures higher than those of B7 stud bolts. Dimensional specifications are governed by ASME B18.31.2. Grade markings consist of both the grade symbol “B16” and the manufacturer’s identification mark on one end of each stud bolt 3/8" diameter and larger, with the marking placed on the opposite end when space is limited. Inch-series fasteners meeting ASTM A193 Grade B16 specifications are typically used in the power and petrochemical industries on boilers, turbines, and other pressurized equipment with elevated temperatures. ASTM A193 covers the requirements for high-temperature and high-pressure bolting. A193 B16 all-thread stud bolts having diameters above 1" are most common in 8UN thread pitches.